Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Alchemy Definition | Symbols,Opinions |

Alchemy Definition.
In ancient times inward ancient Arab Republic of Egypt every bit early on every bit the  Alchemy definition | Symbols,Opinions |


In ancient times inward ancient Arab Republic of Egypt every bit early on every bit the 17th century has evolved chemistry. The principal objectives of alchemy are associated amongst the mining of precious metals that almost preferred as well as desired at that fourth dimension was that of mining gold. Another of import as well as essential role was the opening of the elixir of eternal youth as well as elixirs to care for diverse diseases. At the fourth dimension alchemists brand of import achievements inward metallurgy, which is essentially a target of obtaining alloys. Except inward alloys other manufacturing processes were the ones getting to a greater extent than or less polysynthetic substances such every bit paints.


Alchemy symbols.

Some of import findings thereof influence pharmacognosy to notice acts substances, their isolation, a corresponding extraction inward the technological criteria for solubility (carrier as well as fixing it relative to the chemic nature of the biologically active substance). By dissolving the biologically active substances inward alcohol, they formed elixirs as well as essences (with the presence of ethyl alcohol as well as essential oil, which tin accept diverse applications inward the nutrient or perfume industry.

Because of the presence of many active ingredients inward drugs are used as well as the distillation process. The procedure represented the distillation separation procedure of active substances acquaint inward the liquid. The available liquid was composed of several components that were dissolved therein. These existing active ingredients could endure released of a role every bit a resultant of the processes of evaporation as well as condensing vapor which is liquefied yesteryear cooling, as well as the liquid which is formed is called distillate. The goals of the alchemists were to discovery the Philosopher's Stone as well as the healing elixir of life. There are several phases, which they designated a description such every bit colors: black, white, yellow, red.


Yellow as well as scarlet are the phases of the "gold" as well as dark as well as white are the initial as well as concluding stages of purification. For symbols inward alchemy for the root fourth dimension Jung ringing inward their labors. His issledovaniya were concentrated inward alchemy yesteryear definition, purpose, bailiwick to study, approaches, methods, as well as tools used to compass the destination result.

Other meaningful features are inserted yesteryear Paracelsus, who rather explore the Philosopher's Stone as well as its pregnant as well as application. As 1 of the almost famous members of the alchemy is: Paracelsus, Isaac Newton, Jacob biome.

The linguistic communication of symbols used inward alchemy.

  1. Metal alchemist is non only substances, but the embodiment of infinite as well as lodge inward it.
  2. Silver passes into the Sun. 
  3. The mercury inward the mercury.
  4. Lead inward Saturn.
  5. Tin inward Jupiter.
  6. The atomic expose 26 on Mars.
  7. Copper inward Venus.
In ancient times inward ancient Arab Republic of Egypt every bit early on every bit the  Alchemy definition | Symbols,Opinions |
Philosopher's Stone is a primal chemical element of alchemical doctrine, this chemical element is needed to transform base of operations metals into metal. As a philosophical rock tin endure inward diverse forms, pulverization or liquid. The properties of the mixture of philosophical rock metallic salts as well as passed through cleaning, mixing as well as heating. The principal role of the mixture was non alone to transform metals but also has healing effects on plants, animals as well as regain youth.

The thought of the church building of Alchemy.

The Church believes that preparation as well as healing exterior Christ as well as The church building are impossible. Church rejects the fact that alchemy arises out of nowhere as well as you lot postulate all these scientific advances that tin endure entered, non criticism. The entry could endure books, records, but was non pursued yesteryear the alchemists. Chemistry is of import to know the empirical concepts rather than endure treated yesteryear unknown methods. The church building says it adheres to religion, non the kinds of sideways to obtain healing powers or transformations.


Scientific statements are complete, but total implementation inward faith subject volition use. Faith, love, values ​​are of import inward the background are textile goods, which are also of import but non the principal driving force.

Author : Nidelina Petkova
Location: Varna, Bulgaria


Monday, November 18, 2019

Organic Chemical Scientific Discipline Demystified A Self-Teaching Guide

Organic Chemistry DeMYSTiFied Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Self-Teaching Guide.

 Rearrangement Reactions of Carbocations  Organic Chemistry DeMYSTiFied Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 Self-Teaching Guide

Structure as well as Bonding.

  1. Atomic Structure 1
  2. Atomic Number as well as Atomic Mass (Weight) 3
  3. Electron Energy Levels 4
  4. The Octet Rule 7
  5. Valences 8
  6. Lewis Structures 9
  7. Orbital Shapes 15
  8. Quantum Mechanics 15
  9. Bond Formation 18
  10. Valence Bond Theory 20
  11. Molecular Orbitals 21
  12. Bonding as well as Antibonding MOs 21
  13. Bonding as well as 3-D Molecular Shape 23
  14. Curved Arrows 30
  15. Electronegativity as well as Bond Polarity 31
  16. Dipole Moments 33
  17. Formal Charges 34
  18. Resonance Structures 36
  19. Intermolecular Forces 37
  20. Quiz

Acids as well as Bases.


  1. Introduction 46Arrhenius definition 47
  2. Brønsted-Lowry definition 47
  3. Conjugate Acids as well as Bases 47
  4. Equilibrium Reactions 49
  5. Weak Hydrocarbon Acids 53
  6. Lewis Acids as well as Bases 54
  7. Quiz

Alkanes as well as Cycloalkanes.

  1. Introduction 59
  2. Sources of Alkanes 60
  3. Acyclic as well as Cyclic Alkanes 60
  4. Nomenclature 61
  5. Formulas 62
  6. Structures 62
  7. Constitutional Isomers 64
  8. Cycloalkanes 66
  9. Alkyl Groups 67
  10. Nomenclature—Naming Compounds
  11. yesteryear the IUPAC System 70
  12. Physical Properties 74
  13. Chemical Properties 75
  14. Conformations of Alkanes 76
  15. Conformations of Cylcoalkanes 84
  16. Quiz 94

Stereochemistry.

  1. Isomers 99
  2. Chiral Compounds 100
  3. Stereocenters 101
  4. Chirality Centers 102
  5. Enantiomers 105
  6. Racemic Mixtures 109
  7. The R/S System w
  8. hen the Lowest Priority Group Is Not 110
  9. inwards the Back 113
  10. Molecules alongside Multiple Asymmetric
  11. Centers 115
  12. Enantiomers 116
  13. Diastereomers 116
  14. Meso Compounds 117
  15. Fisher Projections 119
  16. Rotating Fisher Projections/Structures 120
  17. Cyclic Stereoisomers 122
  18. Naming Cyclic Stereoisomers 125
  19. Prochiral Carbons (Wannabees) 126
  20. Quiz 126

Structure as well as Properties of Alkenes.

  1. Introduction 129
  2. Structure 130
  3. Naming Alkenes 132
  4. Common Names 134
  5. Cis as well as Trans Isomers 134
  6. The E/Z (Easy) System 135
  7. Degrees of Unsaturation 136
  8. Stability of Alkenes 140
  9. Physical Properties of Alkenes 141
  10. Chemical Properties 141
  11. The Curved Arrow 142
  12. Quiz 142

Reaction Mechanisms.

  1. Introduction 145
  2. Thermodynamics 145
  3. Kinetics 148
  4. Carbocations 150
  5. Stereochemistry 151
  6. The Hammond Postulate 152
  7. Regiochemical Reactions 154
  8. The Markovnikov Rule 155
  9. Stereochemistry 156
  10. Rearrangement Reactions of Carbocations 157
  11. Quiz 159
Reactions of Alkenes.
Alkynes.
Characterization.
Organohalides.
Nucleophilic Substitution as well as Elimination Reactions.
Alcohols.
Ethers.
Sulfur Compounds.
Conjugated Systems.
Aromatic Compounds.
Reactions of Benzene as well as Other Aromatic Compounds.
Aldehydes as well as Ketones.
Carboxylic Acids.
Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids.
Alpha-Substitution Reactions in Carbonyl Compounds.
Carbonyl Condensation Reactions.




Monday, November 11, 2019

What Is Stearic Acid? | Structure, Properties |

What Is Stearic Acid?

 are 1 of the foundations of the cosmetic manufacture What Is Stearic Acid? | Structure, Properties |
soap liquid in addition to enterprise form. The esters of stearic acid have their role inwards the surfactants, which agency that cut down the surface tension, in addition to thereby aid to non segregate a mixture, last it a interruption or emulsion. Such substances which aid to connect 2 incompatible stage medium inwards the organisation are referred to equally emulsifiers or excipients. By emulsifiers, it is possible to gear upward creams of unlike root oil/water or water/oil stage respectively in addition to the environment.
The stearic acid is equally good applicated inwards roughly industries, such an example is that of luxury candles. For greater rigidity of lipsticks in addition to lip balms. Melting point: 55-65 °C (for role amongst stearic acid is ever necessary heating) for cosmetics additions.

Stearic Acid is a Monobasic Acid.

Which agency that inwards a composition having a carboxyl group. Name stearic acids is treviаl, nomenclature IUPAC is octadecanoic acid. This acid has an organic, saturated in addition to has the connections betwixt the carbon atoms are unproblematic - sigma.

Stearic acid structure.

The full general formula of stearic acid: Cn H2n+1 COOH
Its molecular formula: C17 H35 COOH
And its molecular mass: 284 g / cm3
Of organic acids of obese grapheme are feature next constants:
Boiling point: 361 °C
Melting point: 69,3 °С
density: 0.9408 g / cm 3
The appearance of stearic acid.
Color: white.

Physical state: solid, powder.

The acid was n- chain. It has no branches inwards the carbon-carbon coupling. Carboxyl grouping at the destination of the bond. The counting ever starts from the destination of the carboxyl group, which serves inwards the naming of the compound.
The reactions inwards which it is possible to accept business office inwards stearic acid are simply a substituent in addition to decomposition. Accordingly, the connexion is non possible because of saturation and.

Chemical properties of stearic acid.

Chemical properties of stearic acid are typical of acids from organic nature: (dissociation).
Hidroxonion ions produce upward one's hear the acidity of the solution. Because of their availability, the litmus indicator displays the coloring red. Mr.(molecular weight) gives the hydrogen cation, who joined the H2O becomes when radical is a smaller molecular weight equally the larger molecular weight of the acid easier exhibits in addition to basic properties. Because of the intensity of the carbonyl grouping past times the radical.
The reaction of stearic acid amongst sodium hydroxide results inwards the formation of a tabular array salt of stearic acid known equally sodium stearate in addition to H2O was formed. The sodium stearate used inwards the production of soaps. Soaps of sodium are solid, in addition to those amongst potassium liquid.

The reaction is non called neutralization, although similar her, in addition to saponification. They are unidirectional in addition to proceeds to the end.
The reaction of stearic acid amongst alcohol is called esterification. Esterification may last reversible menstruum over the middle. If the medium is the acidic reversible reaction inwards the basicity of the medium the reaction is unidirectional. The opposite reaction of the esterification procedure is called hydrolysis. During hydrolysis, the ester is dissolved inwards water.
Because of the acidic nature, which is due to the carboxyl grouping is optionally reacting amongst ammonia. In the reaction of the acid amongst ammonia to cast an amide in addition to H2O was formed.
Stearic acid participates inwards the combustion reaction. The combustion reaction is a decomposition of the stearic acid to carbon dioxide in addition to water, separated in addition to energy.

Author. Nidelina Petkova
Location. Bulgaria