Phenol | Preparation, Properties, Uses, |

Phenol.

Phenol is the simplest together with most of import fellow member of the series.

Preparation of phenol. Phenol is obtained past times the next methods:

From Chlorobenzene (Dow Process). This involves the hydrolysis of chlorobenzene amongst aqueous NaOH at heat together with pressure level followed past times handling amongst dilute HCl.

This procedure was get-go introduced inward 1928 past times the Dow the chemic fellowship of U.S.A.

From Cumene. This involves air-oxidation of cumene (Isopropyl benzene) followed past times handling amongst dilute HCl.

The to a higher house cumene procedure accounts for 80% of the amount the world production of phenol. The success of the method is due to the availability of benzene together with propene from stone oil together with to the formation of acetone, a valuable by-product.

From Sodium Benzenesulphonate. This involves the fusion of sodium benzene sulphonate amongst corporation NaOH at 300 °C followed past times handling amongst dilute HCl.

From Benzenediazonium Salts. This reaction tin move performed easily inward the laboratory together with only requires warming a solution of benzene diazonium chloride, prepared from aniline, on a H2O bathroom at fifty °C.

The phenol is recovered past times steam distillation together with extracted amongst diethyl ether.

From Coal Tar. Coal tar provides a natural source of phenol together with cresols, but exhibit provides less than 10% of the amount supply. The middle oil fraction (170-240°C) of coal tar contains phenols, cresols, together with naphthalene. The oil, when cooled, deposits corporation naphthalene, which is removed past times centrifuging the mixture. The oil left is agitated amongst NaOH solution when phenol together with cresols dissolve equally sodium salts.

The phenol are recovered from the to a higher house solution past times passing carbon dioxide through it.

Phenol is in conclusion isolated from the resulting of phenols past times fractional distillation.

Physical Properties Of Phenol.

Phenol is colorless, hygroscopic, crystalline corporation (mp42C; bp 182°C). The liquid cast of phenol containing nearly 5% H2O is known equally carbonlic acid. Below 65.8C phenol is exclusively partially miscible amongst H2O but to a higher house the temperature, it is miscible inward all proportions. It is readily soluble inward ethanol together with approximately other organic solvent. It turns pinkish on exposure to air together with light. It has a distinctive odor. Phenol is a toxicant when taken orally together with produces painful blisters inward contact amongst skin. The IR absorption frequencies of phenol are: 3200-3650 cm^-1 (O-H stretching); 1230 cm^-1 (C-O stretching) ; together with 1400-1300 cm^-1 (O-H bending).

Chemical Properties Of Phenol.

The reaction of phenol is the reaction of the –OH grouping together with the benzene ring.

Phenol Uses.

1. About one-half of the amount world's production of phenol (two billion pounds) is used for making phenol-formaldehyde resins e.g., Bakelite.
2. Phenol used equally a starting fabric for drugs such equally salol, Aspirin.
3. Phenolphthalein together with several other dyes.
4. Explosives e.g., picric acid.
5. Many other valuable products of mutual use: wood preservatives, herbicides, nylon, antiseptics (Dettol), gasoline additives, etc.