Atom Definition. 
Atom is the smallest structural integral particle forming molecules, ions. The primary structural elements of the atoms are protons, neutrons, together with electrons. Protons together with neutrons are located inwards the nucleus of the atom, together with inwards the outer layers are positioned electrons. All protons together with neutrons inwards the atoms cast a compact atomic nucleus, which focuses 99% of the majority of the atoms, together with is called nucleons.
Atom Structure.
Protons. are positively charged particles. Their size is equal to 1,6 • 10-19 coulombs together with majority 938 MeV / c2 (1,6726231 • 10-27 kg, or most 1836 times larger majority than that of electrons. Protons were discovered inwards 1918 past times Ernest Rutherford. He notices that when fired to alpha particles inwards nitrogen gas scintillation detectors written report that the final result of this exposure is separated hydrogen.
Neutron. has cipher charges. Observed spin equally the proton + -1/2. Outside the substance neutron is unstable. Neutron is classified equally baryon together with comprises 2 lower together with 1 upper quark. The majority of the neutron is characteristics 1.674 927 × 10-27 kg.
Electrons. bring a negative charge. The accuse of the electron is indivisible together with equal to 1,602 189 2 (46) × 10-19 C or -1 unproblematic electrical charge. Mass of the electron is equal to 9.109 558 × 10-28 g. The displace of electrons produces electrical phenomena such equally electricity.
Atoms tin privy be inwards the costless dry reason or last interconnected inwards molecules past times chemical bonds, besides based on electromagnetic forces. The atom alongside an equal release of protons together with electrons is electrically neutral, otherwise, it has a positive or negative electrical accuse together with is called ion. The diverse atoms are classified according to the release of protons together with neutrons inwards the nucleus: the release of protons determines the chemic element, together with the release of neutrons determines the diverse isotopes of the respective element.
Isotopic Forms.
In the nucleus in that location equally protons together with electrons. One atom release of protons corresponds to the series release of the chemical scientific discipline unit. When in that location is a modify of the atomic release of each chemic element, is thence monitored together with its isotopic forms. Isotopes bring the same series number, which agency they bring the same release of electrons inwards the nucleus or correspond the same chemic element. Have a difference, however, inwards the release of neutrons. An event is a hydrogen together with its isotopic forms three: protium, deuterium, tritium.
Electron layers.
The electron musical rhythm out of the chemic elements is total of electrons. Based on the unmarried unpaired, valent external electrons or partly paired, which later a procedure of agitation that is, a machinery of ultraviolet radiations inwards which it is possible to hit the parallelism or influence together with increase the release energy levels tin privy last reacted alongside or thence other chemic element, or alongside same together with to attain formation of the compound. This property, inwards which the chemic elements increase the action together with cast compounds called chemic reactivity.
Electrons constituting the chemic elements are arranged precisely inwards specified layers. The layers are located at dissimilar distances from the nucleus. Each of the available layers has a dissimilar energy. The release energy of the commencement layer which is situated exclusively 2 electrons are lowest. For the commencement fourth dimension a model of Niels Bohr, who described the organization of electrons orbiting.
Each layer, which is available electrons surpasses the previous layer available to a greater extent than release energy because of the contents of electrons inside himself. The final layer inwards which electrons are called external electronic layer or valence. The electrons, which are located inwards the outer electron layer are recorded formulas. As an example, the formula of Lewis.
Importance of Lewis formulas:
In Lewis formulas acquaint unmarried unpaired, valence electrons together with electron twosome paired which are parallel together with of depression energy. Paired electrons participating inwards the formation of connections. Only if in that location is a costless atomic orbital together with a procedure of exposure to ultraviolet release energy tin privy increase the valence electrons to divide mutual electronic connection.
Author. Nidelina Petkova
Location. Bulgaria
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